Raising Laying Chickens

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BUDIDAYA AYAM PETELUR

(Gallus sp.)

1. A BRIEF HISTORY
Laying hens are adult hens that are kept specifically for the retrieved eggs. The origin of poultry chickens is derived from pheasant and wild ducks were captured and preserved well enough to lay eggs. Year after year the chicken from the world's forests are strictly selected by experts. The direction of selection aimed at the production that much, because this can be taken partridge eggs and meat production, the direction from which many of the specific selection began earlier. Chickens selected for meat production purposes known by broiler chickens, whereas for egg production by laying hens known. In addition, the selection is also directed at the skin color of egg laying hens until then known white and brown laying hens. Crossing and selection was carried out long enough to produce such layers are present. In each time crossing, ugly nature of the discarded and retained good properties ("continue purified"). This is what became known as the superior layer.

By the early 1900s, wild chickens that remained in place familiar with the pattern of rural community life. Entering the period of the 1940s, people began to recognize other than chicken chicken wild. From here, people began to distinguish between chicken Dutch (Netherlands Nations when it was colonized Indonesia) with wild chickens in Indonesia. Wild chicken is then called a local chicken, which was then referred to the existence of native chicken because the chicken was indeed in the countryside. While chicken is called chicken Dutchmen abroad who then are more familiar with the term domestic chicken (when it was still a pure strain of domestic chicken). These chickens can still be found in the 1950s that are kept by some fans of chicken. Until the end of the 1980s, the Indonesian people are not much familiar with the classification of chicken. When that, nature is considered as chicken chicken only, when the eggs were good to eat then the meat is also good to eat. However, that opinion was not true, domestic chicken / egg-laying chicken turned out a lot, but not tasty meat.

The first chicken came in and started bred in this period is laying White Leghorn chicken thin and generally productive after their expiration. Antipathy of people toward chicken meat long enough
towards the end of the period of the 1990s. When it started to emerge at broiler farms that are specific to meat, while the dual purpose of laying hens / brown laying hens began mushrooming, too. This is where the community began to realize that the chicken has a classification as a reliable and broiler chicken delicious. Began to happen too sharp competition between the egg and chicken meat with egg and chicken meat. Meanwhile brown chicken eggs from above the wind, whereas chicken eggs from drowning on traditional recipes use only. This competition marks the rampant breeding of laying hens.

Indeed lay eggs and chicken meat was laying and meat can be eaten, but can not be classified as a commercial dual-purpose chicken-winner. Cause, the genetic basis between chicken and egg producing chicken this endowment is far different. Chicken with an extraordinary ability to adapt well. So the chicken can anticipate climate change by better than chicken. Only the genetic ability to distinguish both the production of this chicken. Although the chicken was also derived from wild chickens in Asia and Africa.
2. LIVESTOCK CENTER
Chicken has developed very rapidly in setiapa countries. Sentra farms with laying hens has been found in all corners of Indonesia especially in Java and Sumatra, but poultry has spread across Asia and Africa and parts of Europe.
3. J E N I S
Type of laying hens were divided into two types:

1)
Lightweight Layer type.
Chicken type is called the white layer. This lightweight layer has a slim body / skinny-mini / small and shining eyes. Clean white fur and red berjengger. This chicken comes from a pure strain of White Leghorn. Chicken strains are difficult to find, but light commercial laying hens sold in Indonesia with different names. Each Breeding laying hens in Indonesia must have laying hens and sell the light (white layer) of this commercial. This chicken can lay over 260 eggs per year production hen house. For chicken, this is a special type of chicken to lay eggs just so that all directed at her ability to lay eggs capabilities, because the meat just a little. This light-sensitive layer terhadapa hot weather and noise, and the chicken is easily startled and shocked when this chicken production would fall rapidly, so also when overheated.
2) Type Layer Medium.
Chicken body weight is quite heavy. Despite that, the weight is still somewhere between light and heavy laying hens, broiler chickens. Therefore, the chicken is called a medium type laying hens. Chicken's body was not thin, but it also does not look fat. The eggs were quite a lot and can also generate a lot of meat. This chicken is also called dual-purpose type chickens. Since the color is brown, the chicken is called brown laying hens generally have a brown coat color as well. People say brown egg market is preferred white eggs, judging from the color of his skin was more interesting that instead of white chocolate, but in terms of nutrition and taste relatively the same. One thing that is different is the market price, the price of brown eggs more expensive than white eggs. This is because the chocolate egg is heavier than the egg white and brown egg production is less than the egg white. Besides the meat from laying hens will be more salable medium as broilers with good taste.
4. BENEFITS
Laying hens are very good superior germplasm used as to produce quality seedlings. Results of dirt and waste from slaughter of laying hens is a byproduct that can be processed into manure, compost or energy sources (biogas). Meanwhile, as the intestines and offal of chicken can be used as poultry feed after drying. Also chicken is also used in religious ceremonies.
5. LOCATION REQUIREMENT


1)
Locations far away from the hustle / housing residents.
2) The location within easy reach of the marketing centers.
3) The location was chosen to be settled, not moving.
6. TECHNICAL GUIDELINES CULTIVATION
Before farming began, a breeder shall understand the 3 (three) elements of production were: management (management of farm businesses), breeding (breeding) and feeding (forage / feed)
6.1. Preparation Facility and Equipment

1. Cage
Stable climate suitable for raising laying hens include requirements for temperature ranges between 32,2-35 degrees C, humidity ranged from 60-70%, lighting and / or heating enclosure in accordance with existing rules, the layout of the cage so that gets morning sun and not eye against wind direction and good air circulation, do not make a cage with a hilly land surface due to impede air circulation and endanger the flow of surface water when it rains, the cage should be built with an open system that provides enough fresh wind blowing in the cage.

For cage construction with materials that do not need expensive, which is an important powerful, clean and durable. Furthermore barn equipment should be provided as fully as possible as the feeding, watering, place the water, where the ration, where drugs and lighting systems.

Cage forms based on the system is divided into two: a) System of the colony cages, one cage to a lot of chicken which consists of thousands of laying hens; b) The system of individual cages, the cage is better known as the Cage. Characteristic of this fold is the influence of individuals within the cage became dominant because of a box enclosure for a single chicken. Cage system is widely used in commercial layer chicken farms.

Based on the type of cage floor was divided into three types, namely: 1) a cage with floor-liter, this cage is made with the floor covered with bran, pesak / rice husk and the cage is usually applied in the colony cage systems; 2) enclosure with a hollow space underneath the floor, floor for this system consists of a wooden supports or kaso with such holes, which later to dispose of chicken faeces and directly to the shelter; 3) a cage with floor space underneath liters with a mixture of potholes, with 40% floor area ratio of the cage to the base and 60-liter % area under the floor with a hole (consisting of 30% on the right and 30% on the left).

2. Equipment
a. Litter (floor mats)
Alas floor / litter should be in the dry state, then there is no leaky roofs and rain water that entered although there was no wind. As high as 10 cm thick litter, litter material is used a mixture of bran / husk with a little taste of lime and sand, wood shavings or goal should between 3-5 cm in length to substitute bran / husk.
b. Breeding ground
The provision of nesting places for ease of taking eggs and egg shells are not dirty, it can be created for the box size 30 x 35 x 45 cm is enough for 4-5 chickens. Box cages with dididing placed higher than the perch, its placement to ensure easy retrieval of eggs from the outside so that the egg is not broken and trampled and eaten. Basic breeding ground sloping from the wire to be made directly to the outside of the nest egg after egg-laying and made lubah larger than a large nest egg at the base.
c. Perch
Perches to place of rest / sleep, created by the wall and this will be dirt falls to the floor can be readily cleaned from the outside. Created closed to avoid the wind and it lies lower than the breeding ground.
d. Places to eat, drink and places grit
Places to eat and drink must be available enough, the material of bamboo, aluminum, or anything that does not leak too strong and not rusty. For the grits with a special box

6.2. Peyiapan Seeds
Laying hens to be kept must meet the following requirements, among others:
a) Laying chickens should be healthy and no physical disabilities.
b) The growth and normal development.
c) Laying Chicken comes from the seeds of known excellence.

There are some technical guidelines for selecting seeds / DOC (Day Old Chicken) DOC:
a) chicks (DOC) derived from a healthy parent.
b) hair looking soft and full and good growth.
c) There were no defects in the body.
d) mempunyak chicks a good appetite.
e) The size of normal body size between 35-40 grams of weight.
f) None diduburnya put feces.

1. Seed Selection and Prospective Parent
Preparation of seedlings that berkreteria good laying hens in this case depends are as follows:
a. Conversion Ration.
Conversion ratio is between ration perabandingan spent in producing a number of chicken eggs. This situation is often referred to as ration per kilogram of eggs. A good chicken will eat some rations and produce more eggs / greater than the number of rations he ate. When the chickens were eating too
and laying a lot less then this is bad for the chicken mirror. When the chicken has a conversion seed is small, it can be selected seeds, the conversion value is discussed below on a variety of poultry and also can be known from the slabs of meat are often distributed to breeders Breeding in every seed sales promotion
chicken.
b. Production of Eggs.
Egg production is certainly a concern. Selected seeds that can produce many eggs. But the major fixed conversion ratio of chickens because of high egg production but also eat a lot of unfortunate.
c. Achievements in the field of seeds / dipeternakan.
If those two things have been well above the ability of chickens to lay eggs only in the limited ability of the seed. Examples of some types of seedling performance of laying hens can be seen in the data below.
- Babcock B-300 v: hairy white, light type, egg production (hen house) 270, 1.82 kg feed / dozen eggs.
- Dekalb Xl-Link: hairy white, light type, egg production (hen house) 255-280, rations 1,8-2,0 kg / dozen eggs.
- Hisex white: white haired, mild-type, egg production (hen house) 288, 1.89 gram of feed / dozen eggs.
- H & W nick: white furry, light type, egg production (hen house) 272, rations 1,7-1,9 kg per dozen eggs.
- Hubbarb Leghorn: white furry, light type, egg production (hen house) 260, rations 1,8-1,86 kg / dozen eggs.
- Ross White: white furry, light type, egg production (hen house) 275, 1.9 kg feed / dozen eggs.
- Shaver, S 288: white furry, light type, egg production (hen house) 280, ration 1,7-1,9 kg / dozen eggs.
- Babcock B, 380: brown, type Dwiguna, egg production (hen house) 260-275, ration of 1.9 kg / dozen eggs.
- Hisex brown: brown, type Dwiguna, egg production (hen house) 272, 1.98 kg feed / dozen eggs.
- Hubbarb golden cornet: brown, type Dwiguna, egg production (hen house) 260, rations 1,24-1,3 kg / dozen eggs.
- Ross Brown: brown, type Dwiguna, egg production (hen house) 270, 2.0 kg feed / dozen eggs.
- Shaver star cross 579: brown, type Dwiguna, egg production (hen house) 265, rations 2,0-2,08 kg / dozen eggs.
- Warren sex link sal: brown, type Dwiguna, egg production (hen house) 280, 2.04 kg feed / dozen eggs.

6.3. Maintenance

1. Sanitation and Preventive Actions
Stable environmental hygiene (sanitation) in the area is livestock disease prevention efforts that are cheaper, it only takes a resilient labor / skilled only. Preventive action by giving the vaccine in cattle in accordance with the brand and dose on the label notes that from poultry shoup.

2. Feeding
For the feeding of laying hens there are 2 (two) phases which are starters (age 0-4 weeks) and finisher phase (age 4-6 weeks).
a. Quality and quantity of feed phase starter is as follows:
- The quality or its contents in the feed nutrients consist of 22-24% protein, 2.5% fat, crude fiber 4%, Calcium (Ca) 1%, Phospor (P) 0,7-0,9%, ME 2800-3500 kcal.
- Quantity of feed divided / grouped into 4 (four) groups, namely the first week (age 1-7 days) 17 grams / day / cow; second week (age 8-14 days), 43 grams / day / cow, week 3 ( age 15-21 days), 66 grams / day / cow and week 4 (age 22-29 days) 91 grams / day / head.
So the amount of feed required for each tail until the age of 4 weeks of 1520 gram.
b. Quality and quantity of feed finisher phases are as follows:
- The quality or its contents in the feed nutrients consisting of proteins 18,1-21,2%, fat 2.5%, 4.5% crude fiber, calcium (Ca) 1%; Phospor (P) 0,7-0,9 % and energy (ME) 2900-3400 Kcal.
- Quantity of feed divided / classified in four age groups as follows: week 5 (age 30-36 days) 111 grams / day / head; week 6 (Umut 37-43 days) 129 grams / day / head; week -7 (age 44-50 days) 146 grams / day / cow and week 8 (age 51-57 days) 161 grams / day / head. So the total amount of feed per cow at the age of 30-57 days is 3829 grams.
Providing drinking age adjusted view of chicken, in this case are classified into 2 (two) phases, namely:
a. Starter phase (age 1-29 days) of drinking water needs subdivided each week, ie week 1 (1-7 days) 1.8 lliter/hari/100 tail; week 2 (8-14 days ) 3.1 liter/hari/100 tail; week 3 (15-21 days) 4.5 liter/hari/100 tail and week 4 (22-29 days) 7.7 liters / day / head.
So the amount of water required to drink until the age of 4 weeks is as much as 122.6 liter/100 tail. Provision of drinking water on the first day of added sugar and should be given anti-stress drugs into drinking water. Given the number of sugar is 50 grams / liter of water.
b. Finisher phase (age 30-57 days), are clustered in each week is week 5 (30-36 days) 9.5 lliter/hari/100 tail; to-6 weeks (37-43 days) 10.9 liter/hari/100 tail; week 7 (44-50 days) 12.7 liter/hari/100 tail and week 8 (51-57 days) 14.1 liters / day / head. So total of 30-57 days of drinking water as much as 333.4 liters / day / head.

3. Giving Vaccinations and Drugs
Vaccination is one way of controlling viral disease that menulardengan way of creating immunity. Administered on a regular basis is very important to prevent diseases. Vaccines were divided into 2 types, namely:

Active vaccine is a vaccine containing live virus. Immunity generated much longer than the inactivated vaccine / passive.

Inactivated vaccine, the vaccine contains a virus that has been attenuated / off without changing the antigenic structure, to be able to form immune substances. Immunity generated shorter, the profits allegedly injected the sick chickens.

Types of vaccines:
a) artificial Lasota Vaccine NCDs vrus Drh Kuryna
b) NCD virus vaccine made Drh Kuryna Komarov (inactivated vaccine)
c) Vaccines HB-1/Pestos NCDs.
d) Smallpox Vaccine / pox, the virus Diftose.
e) Vaccines Lyomarex anti RCD vaccine for Marek.

Terms of vaccination are:
a) Chicken vaccinated must be healthy.
b) Dose and packaging the vaccine has to be right.
c) Sterilization equipment.

4. Maintenance Cage
In order for the building enclosure can be useful in an effective, then the building needs to be preserved in a good cage is the cage was always cleaned and maintained / checked if there is a damaged part so soon embroidered / repaired back. Thus, maximum efficiency can cage the cage without reducing the requirements for livestock are kept.

7. Pests and diseases

7.1. Disease

1.


White defecate (pullorum)
Chicken attack with high mortality rates.
Cause: Salmonella pullorum.
Control: treated with antibiotics
2. Foel typhoid
Disering target is a young chicken / adolescents and adults.
Cause: Salmonella gallinarum.
Symptoms: chicken issued a yellowish-green feces.
Control: with an antibiotic / sulfa preparations.
3. Parathyphoid
Chicken attack under one month old.
Cause: bacteria of the genus Salmonella.
Control: with sulfa preparations / medications like.
4. Cholera
This disease is rarely attacked teen chick or chicken but other than attacking the chicken attacks turkeys and pigeons.
Cause: Pasteurella multocida.
Symptoms: In a serious attack of chicken wattle (gelambir under the beak) will be enlarged.
Control: with antibiotics (Tetracycline / Streptomycin).
5. Cold chicken (Coryza)
Attacking all ages primarily affects chickens and chicks.
Cause: The creature intermediate between bacteria and viruses.
Symptoms: the infected chickens showed signs of a cold.
Control: can be cured by antibiotia / sulfa preparations.
6. CRD
CRD is a disease in chickens that were popular in Indonesia. Striking teen chicks and chickens. Control: performed with antibiotics (spiramycin and Tilosin).
7. Infectious synovitis
This disease often attacks young people, especially chicken and turkey broilers.
Causes: bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma.
Control: with antibiotics.
7.2. Diseases due to Viruses

1.


Newcastle disease (ND)
ND is a viral disease of poultry popular in Indonesia. Initially the disease was discovered in 1926 in the area Priangan.Tungau (alliance) This finding was not widespread throughout the world. Later in Europe, this disease was found again and preached to the whole world. Finally, the disease is called Newcastle disease.

2.


Infectious bronchitis
Infectious bronchitis attack all age chickens. In adults the disease is lowered egg production. This disease is a serious respiratory disease for chicks and young chickens. Adult chicken mortality rates were low, but the chicks reached 40%. When attacking an egg laying hens causes flaccid, the skin is not normal egg, egg white and yolk diluted easily switch places (always normal egg yolk in the center). There is no treatment for this disease but it can be prevented by vaccination.

3.


Infectious laryngotracheitis
Infectious laryngotracheitis is a serious respiratory disease that occurs in birds.
The cause: a virus that diindetifikasikan with Tarpeia avium. The virus is easily killed outside with disinfectant, such as carbolic acid.
Control: (1) there is no cure to overcome this disease, (2) prevention by vaccination and strict sanitation.

4.


Chicken pox (Fowl pox)
Symptoms: the body of an infected chicken's comb section will pox spots.
Causes: viruses Borreliota avium. Control: with vaccination.

5.


Marek
This disease has become popular since the 1980s up to now attack the nation's poultry, causing the death of chickens due to attacks by 50%. Control: with vaccination.

6.


Gumboro
This disease was discovered in 1962 by Cosgrove in the Delmarva region of the United States. This disease attacks the stock fabrisius, especially attacking chicks aged 3-6 weeks.
7.3. Diseases due to fungi and toxin
This disease because there is a damaging fungus or similar food. The result of this destruction is then issued zak poison in chicken feed. There are also processing the material that causes an amino acid change into toxic substances. Some of these diseases are:

1.


Vomiting black blood (Gizzerosin)
Characteristics of the total damage in chicken gizzard. Cause: the toxins in
fish meal fish meal but not all cause disease. This disease arises due to heating of food materials describing hingg amino acids become toxic.
Control: not yet exist.

2.


Toxins of bean cake
Oil is high in coconut cake and peanut meal to stimulate the growth of fungi from the Aspergillus group. To avoid poisoning the nut meal in antioxidants atau rancung not used nuts and copra meal containing high fat content.
7.4. Diseases due to Parasites

1.


Worms
Because the worm disease is rarely found on the farm is clean and well maintained. But a dirty farm lots and drink dirty water snails then maybe chickens infected worms. Worms attack is characteristic of her thin, dull coat, egg production declined and less active.

2.


Louse
Many attacked the chickens in the farms of Indonesia. Lice are not visible from the outside but if the feathers would look kutunya disibak. Physical signs of chickens infected chickens will be restless. Head lice are common in cages that are not exposed to direct sunlight then the lateral side of the cage is directed transversely from East to West. The use of flea spray with mosquito spraying. Spraying should not be on the hands and eyes directly and spraying done at night so that their implementation is easier because the chicken is not active.
7.5. Disease because Protoza
This disease originated from protozoa (Trichomoniasis, Hexamitiasis and Blachead), the disease is put into different classes but actually parasites. The disease is rarely attacked the chicken farm environment is maintained cleanliness of reeds and water.
8. P A N E N

8.1. Main results
The main result of the cultivation is a form of egg laying hens are diahsilkan oelh chicken. Eggs should be harvested 3 times a day. It aims to fill tlur damage caused by viruses can be avoided / reduced. Taking first in the morning between 10.00-11.00 o'clock; the second draw at 13.00-14.00; taking the third (final), checking all the stalls held at 15.00-16.00.
8.2. By-product
Additional results that can dinukmati of laying hens is the result of cultivation of the poultry meat that has an old (treated) and dirt that can be sold to be used as manure.
8.3. Collection
Eggs that had been produced was taken and placed in the egg tray (tray of eggs). In taking and collecting eggs, officers must direct maker split between a normal egg with abnormal. Normal eggs are eggs that are oval, clean and smooth skin and weighs 57.6 grams with a volume of 63 cc. Abnormal eggs such as small or too large eggs, cracked skin or curly hair, an oval shape.
8.4. Cleaning
After the eggs are collected, then the dirty eggs as affected by chicken litter or faeces dibershkan. Eggs exposed to litter can be cleaned with fine sandpaper iron, special or washed with cleaning fluid. Usually the cleaning done for hatching eggs.
9. POST HARVEST
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10. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CROP CULTIVATION

10.1. Cultivation of Business Analysis
Approximate analysis of domestic poultry farming of laying hens (150 birds) in 1998 in Bintaro, Jakarta.

1) Production costs
a. Fixed capital (investment)
- Cage and roof
- Parent @ USD 150 tails. 17,500, -
Total cost of fixed capital
Rp. 225,000, -
Rp. 2,626,000, -
Rp. 2,850,000, -
b. Working capital / variable
- Feed 90 gr x 150 x Rp. 1210, -/kg x 30
- Depreciation of the cage (4tahun)
- Depreciation of the parent (the productive age 2 years)
- Medicines
- Risk of death of 3% per year
Rp. 490,000, -
Rp. 4700, -
Rp. 109,375, -
Rp. 1000, -
Rp. 6565, -
Total cost of working capital of Rp. 611,640, -
Total production infrastructure costs Rp. 611,640, -

2) Revenue
a. Eggs 60 x Rp. 650, - x 30 USD. 1,170,000, -
b. Chickens treated tail x 141 USD. 10.000, - USD. 58,750, -
The total revenue of Rp. 1,228,750, -

3) Benefits
a. Rp. 1228.750, - - Rp. 611,640, - = Rp. 617,110, -

4) the feasibility Parameters
a. B / C ratio = 2.0

Description:
- Calculation of costs and revenues do in 1 month
- The prices calculated in November 1998
- Required land area of 40 m2
10.2. Agribusiness Opportunity Overview
Today the domestic egg demand continues to increase with increasing pattern of human life in the increasing demand for animal protein derived from eggs. In addition, the government plans to improve the nutrition society especially children. The need for increasing egg production is not matched with a big egg, so there was shortage of supply of eggs that resulted in egg prices high.

By looking at the condition of layer chicken farming can provide the benefits promised when intensively managed and integrated.
11. REFERENCES

1. Muhammad Rasyaf, Dr., Ir. Broiler breeding. Publisher of the groups (members IKAPI) Jakarta.
2. Cahyono, Bambang, Ir.1995. How to Improve Broiler Farming (Broiler). Reader Publishers Nusatama Yogyakarta.
12. CONTACT RELATIONS
1. Rural Community Economic Development Project - BAPPENAS
Coconut Jl.Sunda No. 7 Jakarta, Tel. 021 390 9829, Fax. 021 390 9829
2. Office of State Minister for Research and Technology, Utilization and Correctional Deputy Science and Technology, BPPT Building II, 6th Floor, Jl. M. H. Thamrin No. 8, 10340th Jakarta, Indonesia, Tel. +62 21 316 9166 ~ 69, FAX. +62 21 310 1952, Website: http://www.ristek.go.id

Source:
Rural Community Economic Development Project, Bappenas